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Authors
Wahyuni, Naning Tri https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-9908
Mulyanah, Ade https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7588-7281
Winahyu, Sri Kusuma https://orcid.org/0009-0002-9869-6386
Sariah, https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2367-4118
Darmawati, Besse https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7555-4230
Widiastuti, Rini https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4515-7912
Zabadi, Fairul https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8521-2277
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Article History
Received: 9 October 2024
Accepted: 17 September 2025
First Online: 4 November 2025
Declarations
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: Ethics approval was obtained from the Ethical Committee on Social Studies and Humanities—National Research and Innovation Agency, Republic of Indonesia (Clearance No. 618/KE.01/SK/07/2024). Informed consent was obtained from parents/guardians, and verbal assent was secured from all student participants. To ensure child protection, participation was voluntary, anonymous, and non-evaluative. Data collection occurred during regular class time with the teacher present to maintain a safe, familiar environment. The emoji-based Likert scale used in Phase 2 was piloted to ensure clarity and developmental suitability. These measures upheld ethical standards for research involving young learners.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
