Document is current

Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 4 November 2025

First Online: 5 January 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the British Educational Research Association (BERA) Ethical Guidelines for Educational Research (2018). As Southwest University does not currently have a formal Institutional Review Board, the ethical review and approval of the study were undertaken by a senior professor at the university with expertise in research ethics. All participating teachers and students participated in the study voluntarily. They were fully informed about the nature of the study, its objectives, and the potential use of their data. Ethical consent was obtained prior to their participation in observations or interviews. Participants were invited to review their interview transcripts before analysis and were informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without adverse consequences. Confidentiality was ensured by replacing real names with pseudonyms and blurring all identifiable features in images while maintaining key expressions (such as gazing and grinning) relevant for analysis, with participants’ agreement. To promote objectivity and accuracy in data analysis, all researchers collaborated during the coding process, compared findings, and reached a consensus on the conclusions of the analyses.

: The authors declare no competing interests.