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Article History

Received: 29 September 2025

Accepted: 13 January 2026

First Online: 9 March 2026

Declarations

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: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. Participants’ anonymity and confidentiality were ensured. This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.

: We, the authors, consent to the publication of this article in the Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education . We confirm that the manuscript is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not under consideration by another journal. We grant the journal the right to reproduce and distribute the article in print and electronic formats. We also agree that our names and affiliations may be published with the article and accept responsibility for any ethical or legal issues related to its content.

: The authors declare no competing interests.