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Article History

Received: 1 February 2025

Accepted: 3 March 2026

First Online: 8 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study received ethical approval from the authorities of the higher education institutions where the participants were working and was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. All research procedures adhered to institutional and international ethical standards for research involving human participants. All participants were fully informed about the purpose, procedures, potential risks, and benefits of the study. All participants in this study provided informed consent to take part. Participation was entirely voluntary, and individuals had the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. Confidentiality and anonymity of the participants were maintained throughout the research process.

: All authors consent to the submission of this manuscript to the Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education for consideration. We confirm that the work is original, has not been published elsewhere, and is not under review in any other journal. If accepted, we agree to its publication in accordance with the journal’s policies.

: The authors declare no competing interests.