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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Revised: 10 May 2026

Accepted: 2 July 2026

First Online: 1 September 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures have been approved by the institutional protocols of Bahauddin Zakariya University (BZU), Multan (Ref: BZU/UREC/2024-27/23-12-24). The research procedures were ethically compliant. The participants were acquainted with the aims of the study and informed consent was taken. They were assured that their participation was voluntary and that they could withdraw at any stage without consequences. Anonymity and data confidentiality were ensured by anonymizing data at rest and preventing third-party sharing, with quantitative data presented in aggregate and qualitative data coded.

Consent for publication: As per the editorial policies, this declaration is required only when the manuscript includes identifiable details, images, or videos of individual persons. Our study does not include any such content, and therefore, this declaration does not apply.

Permission to reproduce material from other sources: No third-party copyrighted materials were utilized in this study. All AI tools employed (ChatGPT, Meta AI, Claude AI) are publicly available, open-source platforms that require no reproduction permissions.

Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.