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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 23 January 2026

First Online: 13 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This research draws on two complementary initiatives and received ethical approval from all relevant Institutional Review Boards, including the Institut de Hautes Études Internationales et du Développement (IHEID) and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS). Both components of the study were designed and conducted in accordance with established ethical principles for sociological and migration research. Informed consent was obtained from participants in all formal interviews. Participants were informed of the aims of the research, their right to withdraw at any time, and the ways in which their contributions would be used. To protect confidentiality, no names or other identifying information were recorded, and all data were securely stored in encrypted or locked formats. Particular attention was paid to the condition of vulnerability of forcibly displaced individuals and to the risks of stigmatization. Care was taken to ensure that no information is disclosed that could inadvertently expose individuals or communities to harm or discrimination. Throughout the research process, fairness, dignity, and equity guided all interactions, with an emphasis on mitigating power asymmetries between researchers and participants.

: The authors declare no competing interests.