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Article History

Received: 25 June 2019

Accepted: 3 January 2020

First Online: 12 February 2020

Ethics approval and consent to participate

: The Centre for Addiction and Mental Health has Research Ethics Board has approved this study’s protocol (REB # 011/ 2018, 020/2018, and 021/2018). At the time of submission, two First Nations communities have, using community-specific protocols, approved research agreements that detail research data ownership and governance and the study protocol. A third First Nation community is reviewing a research agreement and protocol. As each community makes amendments to data collection tools or the protocol, changes will be submitted for review to the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Research Ethics Board. The REB approved having study participants provide written or verbal consent. Some participants may associate signing forms with historical and colonial traumas associated with residential or Indian day school, or child welfare. In such cases, researchers conducting the interview may record and sign the consent form indicating that the participant verbally consented.

: Participant consent forms include consent to publish information that does not reveal or disclose any person’s identity.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.