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Article History

Received: 17 December 2024

Accepted: 22 October 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: At the grant writing stage for this project, J.C.B. met with two patient partners (M.-L.Y. and J.I.) to discuss the proposed grant that would support this research and offer insight on what their partnership may look like. The patient partners contributed to the project by attending to online meetings to discuss the project, providing feedback on the grant proposal prior to submission, and providing feedback on this manuscript prior to submission. Additionally, one 90-minute online discussion was held with members of the Clinical Trials Ontario College of Lived Experience, including Heather Douglas, Christopher Fink, Kimberly Mitchell, Charlotte Munro, Maureen Smith, Murray Walz and others, to contextualize the study results within lived experiences of trial participation. This discussion was very helpful in shaping the manuscript as it resulted in several changes to the Introduction, Methods, and Discussion sections to clarify terms and definitions and better incorporate patient perspectives.

: DPR is a full-time employee of Five02 Labs, Inc., which is under contract to Clinical Trials Ontario to provide services related to patient and public engagement, and is the volunteer Vice President of the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance, an organization which receives the majority of its funding through independent grants from pharmaceutical companies. All other co-authors declare no conflicts of interest.