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Article History

Received: 22 September 2025

Accepted: 14 January 2026

First Online: 27 January 2026

Declarations

:

: The Medical Ethics Committee of the Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, declared that this study (W22_135 #22.178) is not subject to the Dutch Medical Research Involving Human Subjects Act (WMO). This study complies with ethical standards of the Helsinki Declaration. Participants signed a written informed consent form prior to the study.

: Not applicable.

: During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used DeepL Write, Quillbot, and Perplexity to assist with grammar checking and language improvement purposes only. We also employed Napkin.ai for the creation of images. The authors reviewed and edited all AI-generated grammar and language suggestions and take full responsibility for the final version of the manuscript.

: HR performs contract research for Combinostics, all funding is paid to her institution. WF performs contract research for Biogen. Research programs of WF have been funded by ZonMW, NWO, EU-FP7, EU-JPND, Alzheimer Nederland, CardioVascular Onderzoek Nederland, Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, stichting Dioraphte, Gieskes-Strijbis fonds, stichting Equilibrio, Pasman stichting, stichting Alzheimer & NeuroPsychiatry Foundation, Philips, Biogen MA Inc, Novartis-NL, Life-MI, AVID, Roche BV, Fujifilm, Combinostics. WF has performed contract research for Biogen MA Inc, and Boehringer Ingelheim. WF has been an invited speaker at Boehringer Ingelheim, Biogen MA Inc, Danone, Eisai, WebMD Neurology (Medscape), Springer Healthcare. WF is consultant to Oxford Health Policy Forum CIC, Roche, and Biogen MA Inc. WF participated in advisory boards of Biogen MA Inc and Roche. All funding is paid to her institution. WF was associate editor of Alzheimer, Research & Therapy in 2020/2021. WF is associate editor at Brain Research. Research (projects) by LV has been funded by ZonMW, Health~Holland, Topsector Life Sciences & Health, Alzheimer Nederland, EISAI, and Amsterdam Public Health research institute. The other authors (MB, TR, TS, MB, LK, MS, SL, KK, DS, ER, SR, CB) declare no competing interests.