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Authors
Mendes, Josimar Antônio de Alcântara https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8230-1998
Lucassen, Mathijs https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6958-3468
Doherty, Sarah https://orcid.org/0009-0007-4006-2803
Mahamud, Ayan https://orcid.org/0009-0004-2392-6516
Ten Holter, Carolyn https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-3211
Greenhalgh, Chris https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3483-2422
Townsend, Ellen https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4677-5958
Hollis, Chris https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1083-6744
Jirotka, Marina https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6088-3955
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
UK Research and Innovation (MRC project reference MR/W002450/1)
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Article History
Received: 25 September 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: This study and its materials (e.g., information sheet and consent form) were approved by the University of Oxford’s Computer Science Departmental Research Ethics Committee (Ref: CS_C1A_23_033).
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this work the author(s) used ChatGPT for text revision and edition (i.e., summarising and reducing some parts of the text to comply with the journal’s word count). After using this tool/service, the author(s) reviewed and edited the content as needed and take full responsibility for the content of the published article.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
