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Authors
Jeevajothi Nathan, Jayakayatri
Salim, Hani
Cheong, Ai Theng
Hussein, Norita
Hanafi, Nik Sherina
Ho, Bee Kiau
Isa, Salbiah Mohamad
Ismail, Noriah
Abd-Malek, Fatin-Syazwani
Goh, Kent Ka Kian
Goh, Sheron Sir Loon
Sukri, Nursyuhada
Ali, Melissa
Nazlan, Mohammad Nur Eman
Tuan Abdul Azid, Tengku Azelawati
Pinnock, Hilary
Khoo, Ee Ming
,
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
NIHR (Global Health Research Unit on Respiratory Health (NIHR132826)
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Article History
Received: 18 November 2025
Accepted: 26 February 2026
First Online: 7 March 2026
Declarations
:
: The study received ethical approval from the Medical Research and Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia (NMRR ID-23-02011-WZO (IIR)) and the Edinburgh Medical School Research Ethics Committee (EMREC-RESPIRE-23-03). Sponsorship approval was granted by the Academic and Clinical Central Office for Research and Development at the University of Edinburgh (ACCORD) (AC23004). Written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Ethical approval was not required for PPI and community engagement activities; however, ethical principles were upheld throughout the process.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
