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Article History

Received: 16 December 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 16 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: Not applicable.

: Engagement with patients and persons with lived experience occurred from the early data extraction phase of this meta-review to the writing stage to guide our approach to data analysis, data visualization, interpretation of findings, and manuscript writing/reporting. Several patients and persons with lived experience engaged throughout the project and are acknowledged above, while others were more deeply involved across the full project timeline, some of whom met co-authorship criteria and wished to be listed in the author list. See the Methods, Discussion, and Supplemental File for further details.

: DPR is a full-time employee of Five02 Labs, Inc., which is under contract to Clinical Trials Ontario to provide services related to patient and public engagement and is the volunteer Vice President of the Canadian Arthritis Patient Alliance, an organization which receives the majority of its funding through independent grants from pharmaceutical companies. All other co-authors declare no conflicts of interest.