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Article History

Received: 11 November 2025

Accepted: 21 January 2026

First Online: 6 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shanghai Stomatological Hospital, Fudan University (ethics number [2023]020). Informed consent was obtained from both models (one male and one female) for standardized image creation. Written informed consent was also obtained from patients for de-identified clinical photographs (Fig.  ). Evaluator participation did not require individual consent as approved by the Ethics Committee, since the evaluation involved no sensitive personal information and all data were processed anonymously.

: The models signed consent to manipulate and publish their profile images. Patients signed consent to publish their de-identified clinical photographs.

: The authors declare no competing interests.