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Article History

Received: 19 March 2026

Accepted: 26 May 2026

First Online: 26 June 2026

Declarations

:

: The study in this analysis was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the International Conference on Harmonization Guidelines E6: Good Clinical Practice. The study protocol (and any amendments) was approved by the relevant institutional review boards and independent ethics committees before study initiation (Supplementary Table ). Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in this study.

: Not applicable.

: XS has received consulting fees from Alcon, Allergan, Bayer, Carl Zeiss Meditec Inc., Chengdu Kanghong Biotech Inc., Innovent Biologics Inc., Novartis, and Roche. HD, Y.C., X.S., L.T., J.X., M.H., M.Z and WW declare that they have no competing interests. LW is an employee of Bayer Healthcare Company Limited. AS is an employee and stockholder of Bayer AG. UMS-O was an employee of Bayer AG at the time of the data analyses, is a stockholder of Bayer AG and Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., and an employee of Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. MZ is an employee of Bayer Healthcare Company Ltd., China. XZ is an employee and stockholder of Bayer Consumer Care AG. ZW is an employee of Bayer Healthcare Company Ltd., China. SL is an employee, stockholder, and patent holder of Bayer Consumer Care AG.