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Authors
Qaddour, Amany
Prager, Gabrielle
Yalcouye, Adama
Traore, Aminata
Lindahl, Christopher
Spiegel, Paul
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Article History
Received: 8 April 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 23 December 2025
Declarations
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: This project was determined to be "Not Human Subjects Research" by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, as defined by DHHS regulations 45 CFR 46.102. Therefore, this did not require us to seek institutional review board oversight. In Mali, the study protocol was reviewed and approved by the John Snow, Inc. (JSI) Mali country office and the Ministry of Health and Social Development in Bamako, prior to data collection. All participants provided consent prior to interviews conducted. Confidentiality of interviews was ensured, and all information provided was anonymous. All data was electronically stored and password protected and only the researchers had access to this data.
: We, the authors, give consent for the publication of this manuscript to the Journal of International Humanitarian Action.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
