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Article History

Received: 9 June 2024

Accepted: 30 March 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Declarations

:

: Because the data used in the analysis came from secondary sources that are already in the public domain, our study did not require approval from an ethics body. However, all necessary procedures and guidelines were followed to access the DHS datasets from the DHS program. Furthermore, The DHS protocols ensured that all ethical processes were followed before the commencement of data collection processes in Zambia. All participants older than 18 years who were enrolled in the DHS were required to give their consent during enumeration. Additionally, parents or guardians of all participants aged 15 to 17 years gave consent before the legal minors were asked for their assent. In the DHS, parental or guardian consent is obtained for participants under 18 by first informing the parent or guardian about the purpose, procedures, and voluntary nature of the survey. Only after obtaining their informed consent can the minor be approached for assent, ensuring ethical compliance and protection of participants’ rights. Thus, all data collection methods were carried out in accordance with relevant ethical guidelines and regulations.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.