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Authors
Nawaz, Rashed
Khalid, Neelum
Ajmal, Fatima
Akbary, Mohammad Fazel
Gong, Shaoqing
Zhou, Zhongliang
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (72374169)
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Article History
Received: 24 April 2025
Accepted: 3 June 2025
First Online: 21 June 2025
Declarations
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: This study involves human participants and procedures, and questionnaires for standard DHS surveys have been reviewed and approved by the ICF Institutional Review Board (IRB). Additionally, country-specific DHS survey protocols are reviewed by the ICF IRB and typically by an IRB in the host country. ICF IRB ensures that the survey complies with the US Department of Health and Human Services regulations for protecting human subjects (45 CFR 46), while the host country IRB ensures that the survey complies with the laws and norms of the nation. Participants gave informed consent to participate in the study before taking part.
: Not applicable.
: Patients and/or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
