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Authors
Liu, Chengxing
Feng, Yuntao
Ping, Fan
Huang, Litang
Qian, Jun
Zhou, Li
Chen, Fei
Liu, Xuebo
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Shanghai Tongji Hospital clinical research and cultivation project (ITJ(QN)2203, ITJ(ZD)2307)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (82170346)
Grant of Shanghai Municipal Health Commission (202440145)
Shanghai Science and Technology Committee (22Y11901600)
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Article History
Received: 21 February 2025
Accepted: 25 July 2025
First Online: 3 August 2025
Declarations
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: The NHANES protocol received approval from the Ethics Review Board of the National Center for Health Statistics. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant as part of the survey process. The NHANES study protocol adheres to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (1975). This research complies with the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines and represents a secondary analysis of the NHANES database.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
