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Authors
Xu, Yaying
Chen, Lele
Zhang, Jianqiang
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Article History
Received: 6 March 2025
Accepted: 11 August 2025
First Online: 30 September 2025
Declarations
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: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) is a publicly available database and approved by the National Center for Health Statistics institutional review board. All participants provided written informed consent when they did the national survey in the United States. Ethical review and approval were waived for this study since secondary analysis did not require additional institutional review board approval.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
