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Authors
Abdi, Yusuf Hared https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7224-2247
Abdullahi, Yakub Burhan https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8535-198X
Abdi, Mohamed Sharif https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0220-4014
Bashir, Sharmake Gaiye https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6900-9870
Ahmed, Naima Ibrahim https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9058-4807
Alasow, Ahmed Abdiaziz https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9888-6131
Hassan, Gallad Dahir https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8569-8748
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Article History
Received: 14 June 2025
Accepted: 30 August 2025
First Online: 8 October 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized secondary data from the publicly accessible 2020 SDHS. The original SDHS received ethical approval from the Somalia National University Institutional Review Board (Reference: SNU-IRB-2019-045) and the ICF International Institutional Review Board (Reference: FWA00000845). Informed written consent was obtained from all adult participants (≥ 18 years), while participants aged 15–17 years provided assent with parental/guardian consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
