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Authors
Nakalembe, Doreen https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0580-3163
Tamale, Bridget Nagawa https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6181-5391
Kyomugisha, Trinah Salome
Nalugya, Aisha https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8944-7233
Galiwango, Jovan https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8880-6276
Nakiggala, Joana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-8756
Oputan, Patience https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-2947
Wejuli, Junior Mike https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3022-8757
Ndibalekera, Joselyn
Isunju, John Bosco https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7396-7851
Mugambe, Richard K. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2311-5436
Ssekamatte, Tonny https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8127-6759
Bukenya, Justine https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9139-6183
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Article History
Received: 13 August 2024
Accepted: 10 October 2025
First Online: 26 November 2025
Declarations
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: All methods were performed following the relevant guidelines and regulations, such as the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from The AIDS Support Organization Research and Ethics Committee (TASO-2022-131). Permission to interview respondents from these urban centres was obtained from the Chief Administrative Officer (CAO) and the respective local council leadership. Informed written consent was obtained from all study participants. Participants’ privacy and confidentiality were diligently safeguarded throughout the study. All personal and identifying information was securely stored, and every effort was made to respect participants’ privacy during both the interview and sample collection processes.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
