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Authors
Stephano, Elihuruma Eliufoo https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9605-3577
Ngunguru, Theresia Wenati
Ruhighira, Jacktan Josephat
Majengo, Victoria Godfrey
Katalambula, Leonard Kamanga
Mtoro, Mtoro Jabar https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0487-0559
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Article History
Received: 19 June 2025
Accepted: 24 November 2025
First Online: 14 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study utilized publicly available, de-identified data from the 2004/05 to 2022 TDHS, accessible online through the DHS program. The original study received ethical clearance and research permit from both the National Institute of Medical Research Ethics Committee in Tanzania and the ICF Macro Ethics Committee in Calverton, New York. Permission to use the data for this secondary analysis was granted by the DHS program upon acceptance of the proposed analysis plan under the designated account, with credentials available upon request via . As this study involved secondary data analysis of publicly accessible datasets, no additional ethical approval was required. Informed consent was obtained from all participants during the initial survey, and all procedures adhered strictly to relevant guidelines and regulations. Further details regarding DHS data usage and ethical standards can be found at .
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
