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Authors
Ndikubwimana, Adolphe
Checkley, William
Chen, Yunyun
Clasen, Thomas
Contreras, Carmen Lucía
Diaz-Artiga, Anaite
Bankundiye, Gloriose
Dusabimana, Ephrem
de las Fuentes, Lisa
Jabbarzadeh, Shirin
Johnson, Michael
Kalisa, Egide
Karakwende, Patrick
Kirby, Miles A.
Lovvorn, Amy E.
McCracken, John P.
Ndagijimana, Florien
Ntakirutimana, Theoneste
de Dieu Ntivuguruzwa, Jean
Peel, Jennifer L.
Pillarisetti, Ajay
Dávila-Román, Victor G.
Rosa, Ghislaine
Garg, Sarada S.
Thompson, Lisa M.
Waller, Lance A.
Wang, Jiantong
Clark, Maggie L.
Boyd-Barr, Dana
Young, Bonnie N.
,
Burrowes, Vanessa
Goodman-Palmer, Dina
Harvey, Steven A.
Herrera, Phabiola
Hossen, Shakir
Laws, Margaret A.
McCollum, Eric D.
Nicolaou, Laura
Underhill, Lindsay J.
Williams, Kendra N.
Simkovich, Suzanne
Barr, Dana Boyd
Chang, Howard H.
Clasen, Thomas F.
D’Souza, Priya
Elon, Lisa
Gupton, Savannah
Hamid, Sarah
Hennessee, Ian
Howard, Marjorie
Howards, Penelope P.
Lee, Grace
Liao, Jiawen
McPeek, Julia N.
Nizam, Azhar
Panuwet, Parinya
Ramakrishnan, Usha
Ryan, P. Barry
Sinharoy, Sheela S.
Steenland, Kyle
Verma, Amit
Warnock, Megan
Valdes, Viviane
De León, Oscar
Diaz-Artiga, Anaité
Castañaza, Adly
Contreras, Carmen Lucia
Fuentes, Irma Sayury Pineda
Hengstermann, Mayari
Monroy, Libny
Ramirez, Alexander
Mollinedo, Erick
De León, Oscar
Canuz, Eduardo
Mbabazi, Jane
Mukeshimana, Alexie
Mutabazi, Moses
Mutariyani, Bernard
Johnson, Michael A.
Ghosh, Ahana
Piedrahita, Ricardo
Davila-Roman, Victor G.
Lenzen, Pattie
Meyers, Rachel
Toenjes, Ashley
Mollinedo, Erick
Naeher, Luke P.
Campbell, Devan
Kearns, Katherine
Kremer, Jacob
Swearing, Damien
Ye, Wenlu
Aravindalochanan, Vigneswari
Balakrishnan, Kalpana
Thangavel, Gurusamy
Mukhopadhyay, Krishnendu
Natesan, Durairaj
Puttaswamy, Naveen
Rajamani, Karthikeyan Dharmapuri
Ramasami, Rengaraj
Saidam, Sudhakar
Sambandam, Sankar
Chiang, Marilú
Espinoza, Juan Gabriel
Bussalleu, Alejandra
Canuz, Eduardo
Simkovich, Suzanne
Puzzolo, Elisa
Papageorghiou, Aris
Craik, Rachel
Hartinger, Stella
Miranda, J. Jaime
Bussalleu, Alejandra
Rosenthal, Joshua
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Article History
Received: 10 July 2025
Accepted: 25 November 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
:
: This study was conducted in accordance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki ( ). The study protocol has been reviewed and approved by institutional review boards (IRBs) or Ethics Committees at Emory University (00089799), Johns Hopkins University (00007403), Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research (IEC-N1/16/JUL/54/49) and the Indian Council of Medical Research–Health Ministry Screening Committee (5/8/4-30/(Env)/Indo-US/2016-NCD-I), Universidad del Valle de Guatemala (146-08-2016/11-2016) and Guatemalan Ministry of Health National Ethics Committee (11-2016), A.B. PRISMA, the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (11664-5) and the Rwandan National Ethics Committee (No.357/RNEC/2018), and Washington University of St. Louis (201611159). The HAPIN trial has been registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT029446282) on October 26, 2016. However, it is a randomized control trial (RCT) not a clinical trial. And all participants provided informed consent prior to participation in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
