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Authors
Sun, Qi
Li, Xin
Dou, Luming
Li, Nianhu
Xie, Wenpeng
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
the Program of the Medicine Health Technology of Shandong Province (202304071516)
the Traditional Chinese Medicine science and technology projects of Shandong Province (Q-2022063)
the Youth Program of the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2020QH312)
the Youth Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (82104897)
National Natural Science Foundation of China (8257150290)
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Article History
Received: 12 September 2025
Accepted: 21 December 2025
First Online: 4 February 2026
Declarations
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: The NHANES study protocol was approved by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Research Ethics Review Board. All participants provided written informed consent. For this secondary analysis of de-identified, publicly available data, the Institutional Review Board of the First Clinical Medical College of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine determined that additional ethical approval was not required.
: All procedures involving human participants in the original NHANES study were performed in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments. Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the original NHANES survey.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
