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Authors
Xu, Hua-Zhao
Lv, Tian
Xiong, Yu-Jun
Fei, Qinwen
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Article History
Received: 7 September 2025
Accepted: 5 January 2026
First Online: 2 February 2026
Declarations
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: The CHARLS protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015), and written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to enrolment. Ethical approval for ELSA wave 6 was granted by the NRES Committee South Central – Berkshire on 28 November 2012 (11/SC/0374), with all participants providing written informed consent before participation.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
