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Article History

Received: 21 January 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 26 February 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors confirm contribution to the paper as follows: study conception, design, data collection and preparation of the manuscript: Wakhungu, H.K., Bukania. Z., Abong’, G, Muthike, C., Thumbi, S.M., Muema, J., Nyamai, M., Otiende, P.A., Omondi, G.P. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.

: In this study, informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants prior to data collection. The study objectives, procedures, potential benefits, and risks were clearly explained to each participant in a language they could understand (Maasai, English and Swahili). Participants were informed that the information collected would be used for academic research purposes and may be published in scientific journals, reports, and conference proceedings. They were assured that all data would be treated with strict confidentiality and that no personal identifiers, including names, photographs, or physical addresses, would be included in any publication. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any repercussions. All data were anonymized and securely stored. Ethical approval was granted by the relevant institutional review committee prior to the commencement of the study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.