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Article History

Received: 17 September 2025

Accepted: 23 February 2026

First Online: 10 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The CHARLS protocol has been approved by the Institutional Review Board of Peking University (IRB No. IRB00001052-11014), and all participants provided written informed consent prior to their involvement in the study. This study is observational in nature, and our findings are presented in line with the STROBE guidelines. The study was conducted in full accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.