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Authors
Li, Zehao
Zhong, Boqiang
Xu, Weiqin
Sun, Lin
Hu, Xiao
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Natural Science Foundation of China (52075277)
Medical and Health Scientific Research Project of Qingdao (2024-WJKY164)
Qingdao Outstanding Health Professional Development Fund, and Wu Jieping Medical Foundation Youth Clinical Research Special Project - Digestive and Urinary Tumor Special Project (320.6750.2025-02-9)
"Clinical Research Project on Digestive Tract Tumors" of China International Medical Exchange Foundation (Z-2014-08-2503)
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 28 February 2026
First Online: 22 March 2026
Declarations
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: We would like to state that this study was approved by the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015) and strictly adhered to the ethical standards of the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent revisions. Additionally, the study was also approved by the Ethics Committee of the NHS Research Ethics Committee, through the London Multicentre Research Ethics Committee (protocol code: MREC/01/2/91, approved on 7 February 2002), with all subsequent waves (including waves 2–9) following the same ethical standards. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to data collection, and informed consent has been obtained from all participants in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
