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Authors
Chitatanga, Ronald
Yiwombe, Chikhulupiliro
Harawa, Gracian
Namalawe, Daniel
Katengeza, Kholiwe
Benito, Silva
Chibwe, Innocent
Chadwala, Hope
Divala, Oscar
Kawerama, Alinafe
Milala, Harry
Maziya, Dzinenani
Nzima, Ellen
Kanani, Krupa
Nyoni, Kenneth
Kaliati, Annie
Nthengwe, Tamala
Kondowe, Sibongile
Masi, Abigail
Maida, Tarsizio
Phiri, Violet
Harawa, Wezi
Mwangomba, Evelyn
Sitima, Bison
Mwehiwa, Maurice
Gilmon, Wellington
Nkonde, Emmanuel
Luka, Mwayi
Mkandawire, Tawonga
Steven, Joseph
Thauzeni, Samuel
Mwinjiwa, Christina
M’panga, Chikumbutso
Kamalo, Patrick
Makondesa, Akuzike
Chikaphonya, Chimwemwe
Mwale, Peter
Deleza, Muona
Nyirenda, Watipaso
Krysiak, Robert
Hosseinipour, Mina
Mitambo, Collins
Dzowela, Titha
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Article History
Received: 5 January 2026
Accepted: 8 July 2026
First Online: 27 August 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was conducted by the Malawian Antimicrobial Resistance National Coordinating Centre (AMRCC) and focused on healthcare facilities participating as part of the national AMR sentinel surveillance network. Ethical approval to conduct this work was obtained from the National Health Sciences Research Committee (NHSRC) (Protocol # 21/4/2654). Consenting was waived in this work because it focused on medical records and had no direct interaction with participants. Full compliance with ethical and regulatory standards were maintained.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
