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Authors
Haarmann, Alexander
Kugler, Charlotte M. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4170-3290
Goodarzi, Hengameh
Pachanov, Alexander
Goossen, Kaethe
Akl, Elie A.
Pieper, Dawid
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Medizinische Hochschule Brandenburg CAMPUS GmbH
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Article History
Received: 15 April 2026
Accepted: 10 September 2026
First Online: 16 September 2026
Declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable.
Consent for publication: Not applicable.
Competing interests: CMK, KG, EA, DP authored a study on institutional COIs in volume-outcome studies, which was published after conducting the search for this scoping review, but influenced the focus of this review. EA has acquired substantial expertise in analysing COIs and co-authored several publications on the topic including the framework used within this work.
