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Total fertility rates with immediate and very long run zero population growth implications for European countries

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41118-025-00268-x

Published Online: 2025-10-15

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Parr, Nick https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7539-912X
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Text and Data Mining valid from 2025-10-15

Version of Record valid from 2025-10-15
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Article History

Received: 18 September 2024

Accepted: 6 August 2025

First Online: 15 October 2025

Declarations

:

: No competing interests.