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Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 22 August 2025

First Online: 16 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study was approved by University of Namibia, and ethical clearance was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Social Services (Reference number: 22/3/1/2). Verbal informed consent was obtained from all participants to protect anonymity. Participants were provided with a study description and invited to schedule interviews if interested. Before each interview, a consent script was read to ensure participants were fully informed. Participation was voluntary, and identities were kept confidential. Participants could ask questions, skip questions, or withdraw at any time without justification. Although no direct benefits were offered, their contributions are expected to advance knowledge on medicine shortages in Namibia, benefiting future research.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.