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Authors
Tran Lam, Tu Quyen
Hsieh, Yu-Chia
Nguyen, Thi Tuyet-Anh
Sung, I.-Hsin
Li, Shiao-Wen
Pan, Yi-Jiun
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou (CMRPG3K1011)
National Science and Technology Council (NSTC 114-2320-B-039-070)
China Medical University, Taiwan (CMU113-S-28)
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Article History
Received: 5 August 2025
Accepted: 2 November 2025
First Online: 16 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study was conducted following the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Approval number: 201801433B0). The requirement for patient consent was waived because the retrospective study design was confirmed by Chang Gung Memorial Hospital (Approval number: 201801433B0).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
