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Authors
Osman, Hytham A.
Bakr, Wafaa M. K.
Hashish, Mona H.
Elkhidir, Isam M.
Bedri, Shahinaz
Oyola, Samuel O.
Norder, Helene
Abd El-Wahab, Ekram W.
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Article History
Received: 1 September 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
First Online: 12 December 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the institutional review board and the ethics committee of the High Institute of Public Health affiliated with Alexandria University, Egypt. The permission to carry out the study in the IDP camp was taken from the Ministry of Health, Blue Nile State, Sudan. Written consent was taken from all study participants. The study was conducted in accordance with the international ethical guidelines and the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed written consent was obtained from each participant (or caregivers of infants, children, and the mentally handicapped) after explaining the aim and concerns of the study. Data sheets were coded by number to ensure anonymity and confidentiality of the participants’ data. This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.
: All authors approved the submission of the manuscript for publication, and they consent to the use of their anonymized data in this research study, and they understand that the results may be published in a scientific journal.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
