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Authors
Adebisi, Yusuff Adebayo
Alshahrani, Najim Z.
Uwizeyimana, Theogene
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Article History
Received: 3 July 2025
Accepted: 30 November 2025
First Online: 8 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study is a pooled analysis based on aggregated, publicly available data from the Global Research on Antimicrobial Resistance (GRAM) 2019 dataset. No human subjects or primary data collection were involved; therefore, ethics approval and consent to participate are not applicable.
: Not applicable, as this study does not contain individual-level data or identifiable information requiring consent for publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
