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Authors
Fujii, Hiroshi
Sato, Mitsuhiko
Nguyen, Hien Anh Thi
Vu, Huong Thi Thu
Kakiuchi, Satoshi
Dhoubhadel, Bhim Gopal
Nakamura, Shota
Motooka, Daisuke
Ogura, Yoshitoshi
Nakano, Satoshi
Parry, Christopher M.
Morimoto, Konosuke
Yoshida, Lay-Myint
Anh, Dang Duc
Hayashi, Tetsuya
Iida, Tetsuya
Ariyoshi, Koya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University (2014-Ippan-10, 2015-Ippan-25)
he Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science & Technology in Japan
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Article History
Received: 1 October 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 10 February 2026
Declarations
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: The research protocol was approved by the Nagasaki University Ethical Review Board, the National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology scientific review committee in Hanoi, and the Khanh Hoa Provincial Health Service ethical review board. Written informed consent was obtained from the parents or guardians prior to sample collection and the interviews.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
