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Authors
Xaylovong, Khamsamay https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9481-9177
Adjei-Gyamfi, Silas https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8496-4099
Pongvongsa, Tiengkham https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4620-2911
Moji, Kazuhiko
Aiga, Hirotsugu https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5910-3379
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Project for Human Resource Development Scholarship, Japan International Cooperation Agency
Nagasaki University School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Japan.
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Article History
Received: 5 December 2025
Accepted: 24 January 2026
First Online: 20 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approvals were obtained for the study from two ethics committees: (i) School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University (TMGH/NU) Institutional Review Board (approval number: NU_TMGH_2021_189_1 ); and (ii) National Ethics Committee for Health Research (NECHR) in Lao PDR (approval number: 03/NECHR ). The study was performed in accordance with regulations and guidelines under the Declaration of Helsinki. In addition, the research permission was granted by three organizations: (i) Savannakhet Provincial Health Office; (ii) Savannakhet Provincial Hospital; and (iii) Savannakhet quarantine facilities. Informed consent was not required from participants, as the study involved a review of existing secondary data and documents related to the COVID-19 quarantine system.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
