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Authors
Mbithi, Winfred
Wandera, Ernest A.
Nyamache, Anthony K.
Hungerford, Daniel
Njuguna, Amos
Mugo, Michael
Ogutha, Aoko Johnpaul
Kioko, Christine
Ideke, Darius
Sang, Carlene
Nyangao, James
Otieno, Phelgona
Were, Fredrick
Jere, Khuzwayo C.
Cunliffe, Nigel A.
Kariuki, Samuel
Mbae, Cecilia
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institute for Health and Care Research
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Article History
Received: 5 November 2025
Accepted: 2 February 2026
First Online: 6 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute Scientific and Ethics Review Unit (KEMRI SERU 4939). Additionally, research permit was obtained from National Commission for Science, Technology and Innovation (NACOSTI/P/24/37421). Prior to recruitment to the study, informed consent was obtained from the guardians/parents of the study participants. This work forms part of the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Gastrointestinal Infections (GHRG-GI) at the University of Liverpool (Central University Research Ethics Committee D, #12443).
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
