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Authors
Hassan, Yahye Sheikh Abdulle https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-3000
Omar, Mohamed Abdirahim https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5933-3846
Ali, Abdirasak Sharif https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5546-5778
Adebayo, Uthman Okikiola https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2000-7451
Okesanya, Olalekan John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271
Sani, Jamilu https://orcid.org/0009-0001-9089-5973
Ahmed, Mohamed Mustaf https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5991-4052
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Article History
Received: 30 March 2026
Accepted: 25 May 2026
First Online: 4 June 2026
Declarations
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: We exclusively used secondary data freely accessible from the IHME database. These data are fully de-identified within the WHO HEAT software, ensuring that no individual-level personal information is disclosed. Accordingly, no additional institutional review board (IRB) approval was obtained. The primary data sources underlying the IHME modeled estimates (including DHS and MIS) received ethical approval from the relevant national and institutional review boards at the time of the data collection . All analyses adhered to the international ethical standards for the secondary use of health data, including respect for confidentiality, data security, and responsible reporting.
: Not applicable, as this study did not involve individual participants or identifiable information.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
