Document is current

Article History

Received: 27 June 2026

Accepted: 28 July 2026

First Online: 4 August 2026

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Ref. No: DIU/FHLS/REC/2025/28). The study utilized anonymized, aggregated secondary data obtained from national surveillance and meteorological authorities. No individual-level identifiers were accessed. Institutional permissions were obtained from the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and the Bangladesh Meteorological Department (BMD) prior to data use. This study was based exclusively on secondary, aggregated data collected routinely by government agencies for surveillance and administrative purposes. No direct human participation, interaction, or intervention occurred, and no individual-level or identifiable information was used. Therefore, informed consent was not required. The study adhered to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant guidelines for public health research using secondary data. No experiments on humans and/or the use of human tissue samples were conducted.

Consent for publication: Not applicable.

Competing interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.