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Article History

Received: 30 November 2024

Accepted: 23 October 2025

First Online: 25 February 2026

Declaration

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: Not applicable.

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: All authors of the manuscript have read and agreed to its content and are accountable for all aspects of the accuracy and integrity of the manuscript in accordance with ICMJE criteria. The article is original, has not already been published in a journal, and is not currently under consideration by another journal.

: We the authors hereby confirm that: This manuscript is original, has not been published before, and is not currently under consideration elsewhere. All authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this work for publication. No conflicts of interest, financial or otherwise, influence this research. Appropriate permissions have been obtained for reuse of copyrighted materials (figures/data). The Corresponding Author is authorized by all co-authors to sign this agreement on their behalf. Upon acceptance, we consent to publication in 3D Printing in Medicine under the journal’s standard licensing terms.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Participants were informed about: The research purpose and procedures. Data confidentiality measures. Their right to withdraw at any stage.

: The authors declare no competing interests.