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Article History

Received: 9 December 2025

Accepted: 27 March 2026

First Online: 7 April 2026

Declarations

:

: The use of human scalp tissue specimens was approved by the Ethics Committee of Shiga University of Medical Science (Project title: Age-related changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory factors in human skin), Approval No. R2024-036, Date of approval: 25 July 2024). The requirement for individual informed consent was waived, and an opt-out approach approved by the ethics committee was applied in accordance with institutional and national guidelines.The immortalized human sebaceous gland cell line (SEB-1) was kindly provided by the Penn State Research Foundation. The original establishment of this cell line was conducted under appropriate institutional ethical approval, as described in the original publication [ ].Human dermal papilla cells (DPCs) were purchased from PromoCell (Cat. no. c-12071). According to the supplier’s documentation, these cells were obtained from human donors with written informed consent and local ethics committee approval.

: The requirement for individual consent for publication was waived, and an opt-out approach approved by the ethics committee was applied in accordance with institutional and national guidelines.

: The authors declare no competing interests.