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Article History

Received: 14 April 2025

Accepted: 2 October 2025

First Online: 9 October 2025

Declarations

:

: Full ethical approval for all studies was granted by the Humanities and Social Sciences Research Ethics Committee and the Department of Psychology’s Research Ethics Committee at the University of Warwick. All participants provided informed consent prior to completing the experiment.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

: The data for all experiments are available on the Open Science Framework (). The study design, hypotheses, and analytic plan were not pre-registered.