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Authors
Hamamra, Bilal
N. Khlaif, Zuheir
Mahamid, Nejme
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Article History
Received: 15 February 2026
Accepted: 7 May 2026
First Online: 20 May 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no conflict of interest to disclose.
: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the An-Najah National University Institutional Review Board (IRB) (Approval No. MAS, 16 December 2025). All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the An-Najah National University IRB, the American Psychological Association (APA, 2010), and the 2013 Helsinki Declaration. Informed consent was obtained from all participants. Confidentiality and anonymity were ensured through pseudonymisation and removal of identifying information.
: ChatGPT was used only for language editing in the preparation of this manuscript. It was not used for data analysis, interpretation, or the development of the study’s arguments. All substantive intellectual contributions and final decisions regarding the manuscript were made by the authors, who take full responsibility for its content.
