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Authors
Yuan, Yemin
Si, Huaxin
Xia, Yiqi
Wang, Yanshang
Shi, Zhenyu
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZB20230037)
Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20230131)
Major Project of the National Social Science Fund of China (21&ZD187)
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Article History
Received: 25 June 2025
Accepted: 12 October 2025
First Online: 19 December 2025
Declarations
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: The CHARLS, the HRS, the KLoSA, and the SHARE were approved by the Peking University Institutional Review Board (IRB00001052-11015), the University of Michigan Institutional Review Board (HUM00061128), the National Statistical Office (33602) and Institutional Review Board of Korea National Institute for Ethics Policy (P01-201909–22 -002), and the Ethics Committee of the University of Mannheim and the Ethics Council of the Max Planck Society (No723/2009), respectively. All participants provided written informed consent.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
