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Article History

Received: 3 November 2023

Accepted: 16 October 2024

First Online: 25 January 2025

Declarations

:

: In the UK the protocol for this research was approved by the Independent Scientific Advisory Committee (ISAC) for MHRA Database Research (protocol number 22_002016 and the approved protocol was made available to the journal and reviewers during peer review. The interpretation and conclusions contained in this study are those of the authors alone.This study is based in part on data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink obtained under license from the UK Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency. The data is provided by patients and collected by the NHS as part of their care and support. Linked pseudonymised data was provided for this study by CPRD. Data is linked by NHS Digital, the statutory trusted third party for linking data, using identifiable data held only by NHS Digital. Select general practices consent to this process at a practice level with individual patients having the right to opt-out. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) was the provider of the ONS Data contained within the CPRD Data and maintains a Copyright © 2019, re-used with the permission of The Health & Social Care Information Centre, all rights reserved.

: Not applicable.

: JKQ has been supported by institutional research grants from the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund, the Medical Research Council, Health Data Research, GlaxoSmithKline, Boehringer Ingelheim, asthma+lung UK and Astra Zeneca and has received personal fees for advisory board participation, consultancy or speaking fees from GlaxoSmithKline, Evidera, Chiesi, AstraZeneca and Insmed. PMG has received grants from MRC, Boehringer Ingelheim and Roche Pharmaceuticals and personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche Pharmaceuticals, Teva, Cippla, Astra Zeneca and Brainomix. GJ declares grants from Astra Zeneca, Biogen, Galecto, GlaxoSmithKline, Nordic Biosciences, RedX, UKRI and Pliant, and personal fees for advisory board participation, consultancy or speaking fees from Astra Zeneca, Brainomix, Bristol Myers Squibb, Chiesi, Cohbar, Daewoong, GlaxoSmithKline, Veracyte, Resolution Therapeutics, Pliant, Boehringer Ingelheim, Roche, PatientMPower, Galapagos and Vicore. GM, AM, HW and IS have no competing interests to disclose.