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Article History

Received: 8 January 2025

Accepted: 22 June 2025

First Online: 5 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The UK National Health Service (NHS) Research Ethics Service approved this study (06/Q1704/105 and 14/NS/1064). All methods and research practises outlined below were performed in accordance with relevant regulations and the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was provided by parents or legal guardians for each child.

: Not applicable.

: DWC was a post-doctoral researcher on GSK funded projects in 2014/15, and currently receives grant support from Pfizer and the National Institute for Health via the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre. SNF receives support from the National Institute for Health Research funding via the NIHR Southampton Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Facility and the NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre. SNF and SCC act as principal investigators for clinical trials and other studies conducted on behalf of University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust/University of Southampton that are sponsored by vaccine manufacturers. No personal payments are received from them. SNF, JMJ and SCC have participated in advisory boards for vaccine manufacturers but receive no personal payments for this work. SNF, SCC and JMJ have received financial assistance from vaccine manufacturers to attend conferences. All grants and honoraria are paid into accounts within the respective NHS Trusts or Universities, or to independent charities. RAG, VTD and JJ received PhD studentships via the University of Southampton from Pfizer. RAG received post-doctoral support in 2012 on a GSK funded research project via the University of Southampton. KLO received PhD studentship support from GSK, again via the University of Southampton. JC, ML, KH, JS and BG are employees of Pfizer Inc and, as such, may hold stocks. All other authors have no conflicts of interest.