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Authors
Osei, Isaac
Mendy, Emmanuel
van Zandvoort, Kevin
Jobe, Olimatou
Sarwar, Golam
Mohammed, Nuredin I.
Bruce, Jane
Barjo, Ousman
Molfa, Minteh
Salaudeen, Rasheed
Greenwood, Brian
Flasche, Stefan
Mackenzie, Grant A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
The Gates Foundation (OPP1138798)
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Article History
Received: 4 May 2025
Accepted: 4 July 2025
First Online: 5 October 2025
Declarations
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: The study was approved by the Gambia Government/MRC Joint Ethics Committee (ref: 28705) and the LSHTM Ethics Committee (ref: 28705). Written informed consent to participate was obtained from all enrolled participants. Parents or guardians from the community provided consent for themselves and on behalf of child participants (age < 18 years). Child participants aged 12–17 years also provided assent.
: Not Applicable.
: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Grant Mackenzie reports financial support was provided by The Gates Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
