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Article History

Received: 2 March 2025

Accepted: 24 July 2025

First Online: 25 October 2025

Declarations

:

: The study protocol, informed consent statement, case report form, any amendments and all other study documents have been submitted to and approved by the institutional ethics committee of each site: 1. The IMU Joint-Committee on Research & Ethics (4.15/JCM-216/2021), 2. The Human Research Ethics Committee, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM/JEPeM/21020190), 3. The International Islamic University Malaysia Research Ethics Committee (IREC 2021–114),  4. The Medical Research Ethics Committee, University Malaya MedicalCentre (MREC ID No: 2021128–9769) and 5. University of Southampton’s Ethics and Research Governance (ERGo II 64844).

: Consent for publication of study results, including aggregated data and analyses, was obtained from all participants or their legal representatives. No identifiable personal information is disclosed in any reports or publications arising from this study.

: LHS and SCC act as principal investigators for clinical trials and other studies conducted at IMU University, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust/University of Southampton, which are funded by vaccine manufacturers. No personal payments were received from them. SCC has participated in advisory boards for vaccine manufacturers but receives no personal payments for this work. SCC, NHR and NAJ received financial assistance from vaccine manufacturers to attend the conferences. DWC was a post-doctoral researcher on GSK-funded projects in 2014/15 and received grant support from Pfizer and the National Institute for Health via the NHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre. All grants and honoraria are paid into account within the respective NHS Trusts or Universities or to independent charities. All other authors declare no competing interests.