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Article History

Received: 16 January 2024

Accepted: 19 March 2024

First Online: 10 May 2024

Declarations

:

: The procedures undertaken in this study and the data collection processes were conducted ethically per the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approvals were obtained for SAGE study from the Ethics Review Committee of the World Health Organization, the Ethics and Protocol Review Committee of the Ghana Medical School, Accra, Ghana, the Ethics Committee of the School of Preventive and Social Medicine, and the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia. Approval was also obtained for the SAGE 1 study from the Ethics Committee of the Shanghai Municipal Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China, Institutional Review Board of the International Institute of Population Sciences, Mumbai, India, and finally from the Research Ethics Committee of the Human Sciences Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa. These approvals also covered all procedures through which written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Confidential records of participants’ consent were maintained by SAGE. Further, written informed consents for participating in the SAGE study were obtained from each participant.

: All authors consent to publish this research article.

: The authors declare that there is no competing interest.